Darters have evolved to survive in fast moving lotic systems.
Lotic refers to freshwater ecosystems involving flowing water, such as a river, stream, brook or creek. Certain fish species are lotic specialists and have evolved to live in higher flow water, such as darters which prefer to live in swift-moving riffles.
Cichlids have radiated in the lentic environment of Lake Victoria.
Lentic describes freshwater ecosystems characterized by still water and low flow, such as a lake or pond. Certain fish species have evolved to become lentic specialists, such as the high diversity of cichlid species found in Lake Victoria.
Sturgeon have multiple rows of protective scutes.
A scute is an external bony plate on the surface of a fish. Scutes serve a protective function, acting as a body armor for fish against environmental abrasions and even predation. In some fishes, such as Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), scutes are a row of scales modified into sharp, protective plates. In other fishes, like Shovelnose Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus), scutes serve a homologous function but are derived from ossified deposits in the dermis (essentially bone over skin).
The ampullae of Lorenzini on this chimaera are the two rows of dots on its snout (NOAA)
Ampullae of Lorenzini are a network of electroreceptors, sensory organs that detect electric fields in water, found in chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, and chimaeras). The ampullae are a series of symmetrical pores, concentrated around the snout and nose, connected by gel-filled canals. They can conduct electrical impulses so small, that chondrichthyes are likely to be more sensitive to electric fields than any other group of animals. Because all muscle contractions produce a weak electrical field, these electroreceptors make sharks, rays, and chimaeras highly capable of detecting other organisms, such as prey, nearby in water.
Ampullae of Lorenzini, shown in red, are a electroreceptors that can detect electrical impulses from other organisms in water.
Spotted Eagle Rays are a member of the cartilaginous subclass Elasmobranchii along with other rays, sharks, and sawfishes (NOAA).
Elasmobranchs, including sharks, rays, and sawfishes, belong to the taxonomic subclass of cartilaginous fish Elasmobranchii. Like most chondrichthyes, they have exposed gills, no swim bladder, internal fertilization, and placoid denticles. They differ from the other subclass, chimaera (subclass: Holocephali), in that they have rigid dorsal fins, placoid denticles cover most of their bodies, and they usually have spiracles (modified gill slits directly behind the eye).
The Ocean Sunfish is considered to be the largest member of Osteichthyes, reaching over 2,200 lbs.
Osteichthyes are a taxonomic grouping of bony fishes. This group includes ray-finned fishes (class: Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fishes (class: Sarcopterygii). This highly diverse group of fishes, which contains almost all fish species, is the most diverse group of vertebrates today. Osteichthyes differ from chondrichthyes by (in most cases) possessing a bony skeleton, a swim bladder, scales (ctenoid, cycloid, or ganoid scales), and external fertilization.
Chimaeras are a predominately deep sea branch of chondrichthyes with most found deeper than 200m (NOAA).
Chondrichthyes are a taxonomic class of cartilaginous fishes that encompass sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) and chimaera. Though there are exceptions, in general, Chondrichthyes have exposed gills, no swim bladder, internal fertilization, and placoid denticles. These characteristics differentiate them from the more evolutionarily derived branch of fishes, bony fish (Osteichthyes).
While these Great White placoid denticles may look like scales, they are actually modified teeth (Trevor Sewell/Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town).
Placoid denticles are found on sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Not really a true “scale,” like ctenoid or cycloid scales, placoid denticles are actually modified teeth. They have an inner tissue component, which contains both blood vessels and nerves, that is covered by a layer of dentin and an outer enamel. They form a tough protective skin layer for sharks, rays, and chimaeras and also have shown to reduce friction and drag so that these fish can swim more efficiently through water.
The Weberian apparatus is amplifies hearing in Ostariophysian fish.
This series of small bones links the swim bladder to the inner ear in Ostariophysian fish, including minnows, carp, catfishes, and characins. When a sound wave hits the swim bladder, the vibration is transferred through the Weberian apparatus to the auditory region of the inner ear. This action helps amplify sound and, as a result, these fish have very sensitive hearing and can hear sounds that many other fish are in capable of hearing.
Herring inflate their swim bladders by “gulping” air and deflate them by “burping” or “farting.” (gma.org)
The swim bladder is an air filled organ used by some fish to maintain buoyancy at a desired depth and produce or hear sound.
For many fish, the swim bladder has the additional role of transferring sound waves to the auditory system. And in some fish, such as drums and croakers, the swim bladder is used to make sounds and communicate with one another and other fish.
Fish use swim bladders for buoyancy, hearing, and producing sounds.